They have Pierced My Hands and My Feet
by
James Scott Trimm
Psalm 22 is an amazingly prophetic Psalm which describes the crucifixion of Yeshua in great detail.
In Matt. 27:46 = Mk. 15:34 Yeshua recites Ps. 22:2(1) from the gallows. Matt. 27:39 alludes to Ps. 22:8(7) about on lookers shaking their heads at him. In Matt. 27:43 the people use the same phase as those in Ps. 22:9(8) (see also Luke 23:35) Luke 23:34 and John 19:24 (as well as the Hebrew text of Matt. 27:35) allude to Ps. 22:19(18) about the casting of lots to divide his clothes, and Hebrews 2:12 also quotes Ps. 22:23(22) as a reference to Yeshua as the Messiah.
It is not just the so-called NT that understand Psalm 22 as propheticly speaking of Messiah, the concept is also to be found in Midrash Pesikta Rabbati which applies verses from Psalm 22 to the Messiah ben Yosef, the Suffering Messiah also known as “Ephraim”:
During the seven-year period preceding the coming of the son of
David, iron beams will be brought low and loaded upon his neck until the
Messiah’s body is bent low. Then he will cry and weep, and his voice
will rise to the very height of heaven, and he will say to God: Master
of the universe, how much can my strength endure? How much can my spirit
endure? How much my breath before it ceases? How much can my limbs
suffer? Am I not flesh and blood?
It was because of the ordeal of the son of David that David wept, saying My strength is dried up like a potsherd (Ps. 22:16). During the ordeal of the son of David, the Holy One, blessed be He,
will say to him: Ephraim, My true Messiah, long ago, ever since the six
days of creation, thou didst take this ordeal upon thyself. At this
moment, thy pain is like my pain . . .
At these words, the Messiah will reply: Now I am reconciled. The servant is content to be like his Master.
(Pesikta Rabbati, Piska 36.2, translated by William G. Braude, Yale University Press, pg. 680-681)
It is taught, moreover, that in the month of Nisan the Patriarchs
will arise and say to the Messiah: Ephraim, our true Messiah, even
though we are thy forbears, thou art greater that we because thou didst
suffer for the iniquities of our children, and terrible ordeals befell
thee . . . for the sake of Israel thou didst become a laughingstock and a
derision among the nations of the earth; and didst sit in darkness, in
thick darkness, and thine eyes saw no light, and thy skin cleaved to thy
bones, and thy body was as dry as a piece of wood; and thine eyes grew
dim from fasting, and thy strength was dried up like a potsherd – all these afflictions on account of the iniquities of our children . . .
(Pesikta Rabbati 37.1, translated by William G. Braude, Yale University Press, pg. 685-686)
Ephraim is a darling son to Me . . . My heart yearneth for him,
in mercy I will have mercy upon him, saith the Lord (Jer. 31:20). Why
does the verse speak twice of mercy: In mercy I will have mercy upon
him? One mercy refers to the time when he will be shut up in prison, a
time when the nations of the world will gnash their teeth at him every
day, wink their eyes at one another in derision of him, nod their heads
at him in contempt, open wide their lips to guffaw, as is said All they that see me laugh me to scorn; they shoot out the lip, they shake the head (Ps. 22:8); My
strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth to my
throat; and thou layest me in the dust of death (Ps. 22:16). Moreover, they will roar over him like lions, as is said They
open wide their mouth against me, as a ravening and roaring lion. I am
poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint; my heart is
become like wax; it is melted in mine inmost parts (Ps. 22:14-15).
(Pesikta Rabbati 37.1, translated by William G. Braude, Yale University Press, pg. 686-687)
Perhaps the most amazingly prophetic verse of Psalm 22 is:
For dogs have encompassed me;
a company of evildoers have enclosed me:
they have pierced my hands and my feet.
(Ps. 22:17 (16))
In his series Let’s Get Biblical” Tovia Singer has made the claim that Christians changed Ps. 22:16 (17) to read “they have pierced” rather than “like a lion”.
Now let us seek the TRUTH on this matter:
In the Hebrew the difference between these two readings is only one letter.
KARU ( בארו) “They have pierced”
(כאר means “pierced” and the ו means “they”)
KARI (כארי) “Like a lion”
(כ means “like” and ארי means “lion”)
The difference between these two words is between a ו and a י. The misreading of a ו for a י or a י for a ו is a frequent scribal error in Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts. A ו is simply a י with a long tail. This scribal error is clearly not an intentional change but a common scribal error.
Now let us determine which was the original reading.
Now if we look up this passage in the BHS (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia). Here we find a footnote that reads:
“pc Mss Edd כארו ,
2Mss Edd כרו cf G(S)…”
To transalate this note into lay terms it says:
“A few manuscripts read KARU (כארו) and two manuscripts read KARU (ברו)and the Greek Septuagint has [pierced]”
In other words while MOST Masoretic Text manuscripts read KARI (“like a lion”) SEVERAL read “they have pierced” (two possible spellings) as does the Greek Septuagint.
The Greek Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Tanak that was completed by about 200 to 160 BCE.
The Peshitta Aramaic Tanak also has “they have pierced” in this passage. According to the Encyclopedia Judaica article on “Bible” The Peshitta Aramaic was produced by Jews for Assyrian and Syrian converts to Judaism in the first century BCE.
Now lets look at the oldest extant Hebrew copy of this Psalm which was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. If we look in THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS BIBLE under Psalm 22 on pages 518-519 we read:
“They have pierced my hands and my feet.”
We are directed to footnote 41 which says:
“5/6HevPs MT(mss) LXX. Like a lion are MT.”
In layman’s terms this note means:
In the Dead Sea Scroll manuscript designated “5/6HevPs”, some
Masoretic Text manuscripts and the Septuagint the reading is “they
have pierced” while most Masoretic Text manuscripts read “like a
lion are”.
A header above this section of Psalm 22 reads:
“Psalm 22 is a favorite among Christians since it is often linked in
the New Testament with the suffering and death of Jesus. A well-
known and controversial reading is found in verse 16, where the
Masoretic Text reads “Like a lion are my hands and feet,” whereas
the Septuagint has “They have pierced my hands and feet.” Among the
scrolls the reading in question is found only in the Psalms scroll
found at Nahal Hever (abreviated 5/6HevPs), which reads “They have
pierced my hands and my feet”!”
Moreover the grammar does not work for “like a lion” since the phrase would lake a verb. Many insert additional words to MAKE the text read “Like a lion [they are at] my hands and my feet”. The understood verb of being does not work here because “Like a lion are my hand and my feet” makes about as much sense as “Like a pizza are my hands and my feet”.
OK lets review the facts:
1. Only the Masoretic Text (which originated in the 9th Century CE)
has “like a lion” and even then some copies have “they have pierced”.
2. ALL other versions INCLUDING the Greek Septuagent and Aramaic
Peshitta Tanak read “they have pierced”.
3. The error itself is an accidental scribal error and NOT an
intentional change.
4. By far the OLDEST Hebrew copy of the Psalm from the Dead Sea
Scrolls reads “they have pierced”
5. The reading “like a lion” does not fit the grammar.
6. Several copies and versions from BEFORE the life of Yeshua
have “they have pierced” and NO copy or version prior to the 9th
century CE has “like a lion.”
Tovia Singer’s claims, once again, are without merit. The reading “they have pierced” existed BEFORE Christianity existed, the scribal error in question was clearly NOT intentional and the textual evidence points STRONGLY to “they have pierced” as the original reading.
The truth is that Psalm 22 is a prophecy of the suffering of Messiah and verse 17(16) speaks specifically of the crucifixion of Messiah, having his hands and his feet pierced, pointing clearly to Yeshua as having fulfilled this amazingly clear prophecy.
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